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PrednisoloneAUSTRALIAN HEPATITIS COUNCIL On 20 and 21 November I attended a 2day meeting of the Board of the Australian Hepatitis Council. Representatives attended from all states and territories in Australia. Business covered in the two days included reviewing the strategic plan of the AHC for 2003 2004- 2006 and the planned programs for the next two years. The annual general meeting of the Australian Hepatitis Council was also held, and I pleased to advise that Stuart Loveday is continuing as President and I now the Vice President of our national body. ANNUAL REPORT AND ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING The theme for this year's annual report and AGM was 'Shifting the Boundaries'. This theme was chosen to reflect the many difficulties and boundaries that consistently challenge the Council in its. Robert Luke, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada robert.luke utoronto L. Atack, School Of Community And Health Studies, Centennial College E. Chien S. MacDonald D. Wiljer Objective: The objectives of this investigation are to evaluate information tailoring processes, cultural sensitivity and the effectiveness of education materials prescribed to patients in personalized online Patient Educational Prescriptions: the PEPTalk project. Our goal was to develop online patient education materials and an "educational prescription" process that was clinically relevant, reliable, and reflective of existing clinical education processes for breast cancer and head and neck cancer patients. We sought to answer the following: Are the PEPTalk process and materials easy to use, useful and culturally relevant from patients' perspectives? Is the PEPTalk prescription process and material easy to use and useful from clinicians' perspectives? Methods: Iterative prototyping and participatory design activities were used to develop materials and the online prescription process with input from a variety of clinical partners, including physicians, nurses, clinical educators, informatics researchers and other healthcare workers. Usability testing was conducted with patients and clinicians who have accessed the online materials. Results: Preliminary evaluation data show that materials and processes were designed effectively using participatory methods. Feedback collected from patients and clinicians has enabled the team to analyze results and make appropriate revisions to the PEPTalk web site, education materials and the online prescription process. Patients and clinicians find tailored, culturally relevant information for managing cancer useful and usable. Challenges remain regarding full integration in busy clinical processes, and we continue to develop the PEPTalk materials and processes using iterative feedback from key stakeholders. Blood analysis Haemaview ; showed wide spread inflammation. Patient complained that she was riddled with pain. Intervention: ENZO Professional 2 caps day. After 2 weeks the blood appearance improved, and she was feeling very good. Practically pain free. She then relapsed, was taken off ENZO Professional and put on the Metagenics antioxidant formulation without any change for the better. Consequently, she went back on the ENZO Professional with similar improvements as the first time. A 42-year-old female with slight hyperlipidemia was treated with beza brate in the hospital of her general practitioner. On the 13th day of treatment she noticed fever, joint pain and exanthema on her extremities. She stopped taking beza brate and referred herself to the same hospital. She was treated with an oral steroid and antibiotics and the symptoms disappeared within a week. As there was no strong indication not to take beza brate, she restarted taking the drug and 5 days later developed an erythematous eruption on the whole of the body, fever, joint pain and edema of the face. Examination revealed multiple generalized erythematous macules, target lesions and erosions on her trunk and extremities. We also found pigmentation resulting from previous skin lesions. She had shallow erosions on her lips and hard palate, and redness of her conjunctiva. At admission to our hospital, laboratory tests revealed a low hemoglobin level 9.6 g dl ; . The leukocyte count was 14, 000 mm3, with 82% polymorphs, 14% lymphocytes and 4% monocytes. Blood biochemistry and urine and stool examinations were normal. Serological tests for mycoplasma and herpes viruses were negative. Chest X-ray and electrocardiogram were normal. A biopsy specimen revealed hydropic degeneration of basal cells and numerous scattered necrotic keratinocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm colloid bodies ; in the epidermis. A dense super cial perivascular mononuclear cell in ltrate was found around super cial blood vessels. In some areas, hydropic degeneration caused subepidermal separation and all keratinocytes appeared necrotic. We made a diagnosis of Stevens Johnson syndrome caused by beza brate. The patient was treated with oral prednisolone 30 mg day ; and azelastine hydrochloride 2 mg day ; . After 3 days her symptoms were alleviated and the erythema and erosion began to heal. Oral prednisolone was tapered and the patient was discharged 10 days later. A skin patch test and a drug lymphocyte stimulation test for allergy to beza brate were negative. Patients, colchicine 1.5 mg day for 2 months ; produced a significant reduction in pain scores and frequency of self-reported ulcers Katz et al., 1994 ; . Unfortunately, not all patients benefit from colchicine therapy, and at least 20% can have painful gastrointestinal symptoms or diarrhea Katz et al., 1994 ; , and it can produce infertility in young males. Combined colchicine and thalidomide therapy may occasionally benefit recalcitrant RAS Genvo et al., 1984 ; . Pentoxifylline is an agent with minimal adverse effects but one that has immunosuppressive actions e.g., interference in neutrophil adherence, inhibition of T- and B-lymphocyte activation and NK cell activity ; . It has been of clinical benefit in the management of vasculitides Ely, 1988 ; and Behcet's syndrome Yasim et al., 1996 ; . In limited open studies, pentoxifylline 400 mg three times daily ; for one month caused a notable reduction in the number of RAS episodes for up to 9 months after therapy; no side-effects were reported Pizarro et al., 1995, 1996; Wahba-Yahav, 1995a, b ; . This seems the most promising agent currently available. Other immunomodulatory agents that have been suggested to be of some benefit in the management of RAS include azathioprine Brown and Bottomley, 1990 ; , systemic prednisolone Yel et al., 1994 ; , azelastine Ueta et al., 1994 ; , human alpha-2-interferon in cream Hamuryudan et al., 1990, 1991 ; , topical cyclosporin Eisen and Ellis, 1990 ; , deglycirrhizinated liquorice Das et al., 1989 ; , topical 5-aminosalicylic acid Collier et al., 1992 ; , amlexanox Greer et al., 1993 ; , and prostaglandin E2 PGE2 ; gel Taylor et al., 1993 ; . Sucralfate in at least one cross-over study of RAS reduced the duration of symptoms and improved the duration of remission Rattan et al., 1994 ; . Monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy caused the remission of RAS in three patients Rosenthal, 1984; Lejonc and Fourestie, 1985 ; , although clinical improvement may have been due to accompanying dietary modifications rather than to any alteration in psychologic status. In several of the aforementioned studies, some patients reported clinical improvement with a placebo. This placebo effect, combined with the often-limited nature of RAS, ensures that most patients ultimately have a reduction in symptoms. Prednisone prednisolone ; the placebo data was pooled n 15 ; to increase the power of the analysis and prednisone.
Therapy for at least 3 months dosage between 0.5 and 1.5 mgkg body weight-1 ; with no effect on the clinical course or had had a relapse after tapering corticosteroids. Six patients had taken prednisolone for 3 months, seven patients for 49 months, three patients had received two or three courses of high-dose prednisolone and two patients had received additional azathioprine for 3 and 4 months each. Study design This study is a retrospective analysis of experiences with i.v. cyclophosphamide in IPF. Because this therapy was chosen for patients in whom conventional treatment with corticosteroids had failed, no control group is available. The treatment protocol was similar to that of other authors [8] and modified as follows: a starting dose of 500 mg cyclophosphamide Endoxan; Asta Medica, Frankfurt, Germany ; was given i.v. for 1 h in 1, 000 ml 0.9% saline solution, and was increased by 100 mg every 2 weeks to a total of 1, 300 mg 15 mgkg body weight-1 ; . This dose was repeated once a month for 1 yr. Before infusion of cyclophosphamide 400 mg, mesna was given i.v. Uromitexan; Asta Medica ; . Patients also received 0.5 mg prednisolonekg body weight-1day-1, which was gradually tapered as much as possible after the first 6 weeks of therapy. Patients were followed for a minimum of 14 months or until death. Vital capacity VC ; , forced expiratory volume in one second FEV1 ; , total lung capacity TLC ; and gas transfer factor were measured before infusion by a body plethysmograph Bodytest and Alveo-Diffusionstest; E. Jaeger, Wrzburg, Germany ; . Blood from an arterialized ear lobe was analysed for oxygen Pa, O2 ; and carbon dioxide Pa, CO2 ; Blood gas analyzer; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark ; . Clinical symptoms, such as dyspnoea, cough plus sputum quantity and indicators of general health, were noted and a physical examination was per.
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Gatti S, et al. Treatment of reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura with azelaic acid. J Acad Dermatol. 1993 Oct; 29 4 ; : 666-7. Verallo-Rowell WM, Sioson-delos Reyes G. South Asian experience with azelaic acid in melasma. Med Prog J 1993; 20 Suppl ; : 26-30. Rodriguez Prieto MA, et al. Treatment of lentigo maligna with azelaic acid. Int J Dermatol. 1993 May; 32 5 ; : 363-4. Abdomen and bone marrow aspiration biopsy. Computed tomographic scan of abdomen was done only in 6 cases. Lymphangiogram and staging laparotomy were not done in these subjects. Patients were histologically classified according to the Ryes modification of Lukes and Butler scheme. Clinical staging was determined according to the Ann-Arbor Classification. Combination chemotherapy with COPP Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Procarbazine and Prednisolnoe ; or MOPP Nitrogen mustard, Vincristine, Procarbazine and Prednisolne ; regimes were given to these patients as the primary modality of treatment; the choice of the regimen was dependent upon the availability of injection Mustine. The dosage used was injection Cyclophosphamide 500 mg m2 or injection Mustine 6 mg m2 and injection Vincristine 1.4 mg m2 intravenously on days 1 and 8. Procarbazine 100 mg m2 and Prednisoone 40 mg m2 were administered orally from Days 0-14. The cycle was repeated once in 28 days. One Stage I patient received only 4 courses, 5 patients in Stage III received 8 courses and 15 patients received 6 courses of chemotherapy. Three patients with initial bulky disease lymph node mass 10 cm diameter ; received involved field irradiation at the end of 6 courses of chemotherapy 2000-2500 cGy ; . Results The characteristics of 29 patients are summarized in Tables I & II. The age distribution in these 29 patients shows an early peak. The youngest age recorded was 3 years with a median age at diagnosis of 6.5 years. The male: female ratio was 4.8: 1. Twenty one patients 72% ; presented in the early clinical stages I and II ; with systemic symptoms in 8 38% ; . Only 8 patients. And in what doses. These supplements were not properly vetted to ensure that they were uncontaminated with any prohibited substances. 21. The player also probably took prednisolone during the period leading up to 25 June 2005 when she had medical treatment in Sofia. This appears from the translated medical records from the Medical Centre at St Panteleimon, Sofia, dated 25 June 2005. Prednisollone is a glucocorticosteroid which is prohibited in competition but not out of competition. The player had, and has, no therapeutic use exemption "TUE" ; in respect of prednisolone. 22. gambling casino online bonusonline casino no downloaduk online casinoonline casino gamblingxxx. 23. The player then travelled to Tokyo as part of the Bulgarian national team, to compete in the Federation Cup. Her father was with her at a practice session on 5 July 2005. She and her fellow team members were tested on that date. The doping control notification document included the statement that the player had the right to be accompanied. The player signed it. 24. The player wrote "No" on the doping control form against the "Comment" box, also declaring that she had taken prednisolone two days earlier. Under crossexamination by Mr Taylor the player suggested that she had not taken prednisolone and that it was "claritin" she had taken, for asthma. She was unclear about what medication she had been taking and she did not always distinguish clearly in her evidence between medication and dietary supplements. 25. Again the player asserts that a request was made that her father should be allowed to accompany her into the doping control station and that this request and decadron. Prednisolone for womenPayment Allowance Limits for Medicare Part B Drugs HCPCS Code J7042 J7050 J7060 J7070 J7100 J7110 J7120 J7187 J7189 J7190 J7192 J7193 J7194 J7195 J7197 J7198 J7308 J7310 J7311 J7321 J7322 J7323 J7324 J7330 J7340 J7341 J7342 J7343 J7344 J7346 J7347 J7348 J7349 J7500 J7501 J7502 J7504 J7505 J7506 J7507 J7509 J7510 J7511 J7513 J7515 J7516 J7517 J7518 J7520 J7525 J7605 J7608 J7611 J7612 6 26 2008 Short Description 5% dextrose normal saline Normal saline solution infus 5% dextrose water D5W infusion Dextran 40 infusion Dextran 75 infusion Ringers lactate infusion Inj Vonwillebrand factor IU Factor viia Factor viii Factor viii recombinant Factor IX non-recombinant Factor ix complex Factor IX recombinant Antithrombin iii injection Anti-inhibitor Aminolevulinic acid hcl top Ganciclovir long act implant Fluocinolone acetonide implt Hyalgan or Supartz, inj Synvisc, inj Euflexxa, inj Orthovisc, inj Cultured chondrocytes implnt Metabolic active D E tissue Non-human, metabolic tissue Metabolically active tissue Nonmetabolic act d e tissue Nonmetabolic active tissue Injectable human tissue Non-human, non-metab tissue Tissuemend tissue Primatrix tissue Azathioprine oral 50mg Azathioprine parenteral Cyclosporine oral 100 mg Lymphocyte immune globulin Monoclonal antibodies Prednisone oral Tacrolimus oral per 1 mg Methylprednisolone oral Predhisolone oral per 5 mg Antithymocyte globuln rabbit Daclizumab, parenteral Cyclosporine oral 25 mg Cyclosporin parenteral 250mg Mycophenolate mofetil oral Mycophenolic acid Sirolimus, oral Tacrolimus injection Arformoterol non-comp unit Acetylcysteine inh sol u d Albuterol non-comp con 1 Levalbuterol non-comp con 1 HCPCS Code Dosage 500 ml 250 CC 500 ml 1000 CC 500 ml 500 ml 1000 CC 1 IU MCG 1 IU 1 354 mg 4.5 mg 0.59 mg PER DOSE PER DOSE PER DOSE PER DOSE 1 EA 1 PER SQ CM PER SQ CM 50 mg 100 mg 100 mg 250 mg 5 mg 5 mg 1 mg 4 mg 5 mg 25 mg 25 mg 25 mg 250 mg 250 mg 180 mg 1 mg 5 mg 15 mcg 1 GM 1 mg 0.5 mg Payment Limit ##TEXT##.302 ##TEXT##.271 .115 .231 .539 .452 ##TEXT##.906 ##TEXT##.883 .220 ##TEXT##.815 .060 ##TEXT##.897 ##TEXT##.813 .066 .077 .462 7.861 , 395.330 , 345.000 .136 8.720 1.392 7.529 , 918.415 .551 .868 .467 .934 .533 7.031 .286 .334 .912 ##TEXT##.132 .024 .489 0.542 , 016.964 ##TEXT##.037 .904 ##TEXT##.075 ##TEXT##.010 0.406 4.667 ##TEXT##.839 .157 .962 .588 .954 9.475 .728 .780 ##TEXT##.082 ##TEXT##.120 Vaccine AWP% Vaccine Limit Infusion AWP% DME Infusion Limit Blood AWP% Blood Limit and rhinocort. 520.1880 Prednisolone tablets. a ; Specifications. Each tablet contains 5 or 20 milligrams prednisolone. b ; Sponsor. See No. 061690 in 510.600 c ; 2 ; of this chapter. c ; Special considerations. 1 ; Clinical and experimental data have demonstrated that corticosteroids administered orally or parenterally to animals may induce the first stage of parturition when administered during the last trimester of pregnancy and may precipitate parturition followed by dystocia, fetal death, retained placenta, and metritis. 56 15 mg kg at a rate of not more than 50 mg minute, as a loading dose; maintenance doses of about 100 mg by mouth or by slow intravenous injection should be given thereafter at intervals of 68 hours, monitored by measurement of plasma concentrations; rates and dose reduced according to weight; CHILD 15 mg kg as a loading dose at rate of 0.51.5 mg kg minute; NEONATE 1520 mg kg as a loading dose at rate of 13 mg kg minute and serevent. These approaches have led to poor steroid separation. In earlier reversed-phase chromatography studies, prednisone and prednisolone co-eluted 6 ; , and hydrocortisone and prednisolone were not well resolved 9 ; . With the method described here, prednisone, prednisolone, and cortisol are clearly resolved, the analysis is rapid, and other steroids and drugs commonly prescribed to renaltransplant patients do not interfere. References. LFT, ANA, anti-double stranded DNA, anti-Ro La and a chest radiograph, all of which were normal. Biopsy of the blister showed a subepidermal blister. The roof of the blister showed many keratinocytes with dyskeratinization and necrosis. This was consistent with EM. PCR from the skin biopsy specimen was positive for HSV DNA. Indirect immunofluorescence and DIF were negative. She was diagnosed with recurrent bullous EM. Oral acyclovir 400mg bd and prednisolone 30mg om were started but she still had recurrence of skin lesions while on treatment. Dapsone 100mg once daily was added but the lesions persisted. She was subsequently started on azathioprine with good control of the lesions. This was tailed off after 2 years and the patient has remained free of recurrences for 2 years. Discussion Recurrent EM is a chronic and often debilitating disease. It has been associated with infections, with HSV infections1 being the most frequently associated. Other infections such as chronic hepatitis C2 infection and EBV3 infection have also been reported. Even in cases where there is no clinically evident HSV infection, sub-clinical HSV infection is thought to play a significant role in the pathogenesis. In a study using PCR to determine the presence of HSV in 32 patients with EM and 13 controls4, HSV-specific DNA was detected in 23 72% ; of the patients with EM. A history of recurrent skin rash was present in 59% of the PCR-positive cases. None of the controls were positive for HSV-specific DNA. This data supported the findings that HSV is a major contributing factor to recurrent EM. In a study on 63 EM skin specimens using nested PCR done here at the National Skin Centre5, HSV was detected in 3 of patients 27.2% ; with single episode HSV-associated EM and 6 of 10 60% ; with recurrent EM, the results again supporting the findings that HSV plays a significant role in recurrent EM. Erythema multiforme is often treated with immunosuppressive treatments. 6 Oral prednisolone effectively suppresses the attack, however, its chronic use in this recurrent condition can lead to a large number of steroid-induced side effects. Other treatments including azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, antimalarials and dapsone have been reported to be effective in the treatment of erythema multiforme. In the management of recurrent EM, it is prudent to minimize the side effects of treatment. Hence, oral antiviral agents are potential safe and effective treatment for recurrent EM. In our series, PCR for HSV DNA was positive in 2 out of 4 cases. Of the PCR positive cases, Case 1 had recurrent attacks while on acyclovir but had effective suppression on valacyclovir. In Case 4, oral acyclovir did not suppress the lesions but the patient responded well to oral prednisolone and azathioprine. Of the PCR negative cases, Case 2 had initial favourable response to acyclovir treatment but subsequent recurrence of EM. Case 3, although PCR negative, had herpes infection of the thigh and responded well to oral valacyclovir and subsequently to oral acyclovir. This series of cases suggest that antiviral treatment for patients with recurrent EM should be considered in patients with associated HSV infection. However, even in the and astelin.
Giant cell or temporal arteritis affects elderly people and mainly women. The arteritis can involve inflammation of the lining of almost any large artery carotid, vertebral, meningeal and, more rarely, intracerebral arteries. About half of those with giant cell arteritis have symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica PMR ; . In temporal arteritis, the scalp is usually exquisitely tender to touch. Patients may complain that they cannot brush their hair or put their head on the pillow at night. Headache in temporal arteritis is usually accompanied by systemic symptoms. Ask Mrs Coot if she has experienced weight loss and night sweats as well as the lassitude she has described all common symptoms of temporal arteritis. Other symptoms to enquire about might include arthralgia, anorexia, lowgrade fever and depression. You will need to confirm your suspicions of temporal arteritis as soon as possible, because of the dangers of her developing adverse effects of the condition, such as irreversible and bilateral blindness, if it is not treated immediately that it is detected. Organise blood tests for erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR ; and C-reactive protein. An ESR above 70 mm hour will indicate the diagnosis, though such a high ESR and headaches might also be due to a metastatic tumour, myeloma, meningitis or tuberculosis. A normal ESR does not exclude the diagnosis of temporal arteritis but makes it unlikely. A raised C-reactive protein is a non-specific test that indicates the presence of inflammation. A temporal artery biopsy should confirm the diagnosis, although a negative biopsy does not completely exclude giant cell arteritis because of the patchy nature of the arterial condition. If there were to be any delay in hospital referral and the undertaking of the temporal artery biopsy, you are best to start a high dose of steroids such as 40 mg prednisolone per day, reducing the dose down gradually and titrating against the ESR, over time. A plummeting ESR in response to steroid therapy supports the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Explain to Mrs Coot that this is a long-term treatment where steroids are gradually reduced over at least two years and maybe as long as five years; and that if she is weaned off steroid and buy prednisone. 34. Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1586 Landewe RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, et al. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 347356. O'Dell JR. Treating rheumatoid arthritis early: a window of opportunity? Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 283285. Grob D, Brunner NG, Namba T. The natural course of myasthenia gravis and effect of therapeutic measures. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 377: 652 Evoli A, Tonali PA, Padua L, et al. Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis. Brain 2003; 126: 2304 Sanders DB, El Salem K, Massey JM, McConville J, Vincent A. Clinical aspects of MuSK antibody positive seronegative mg. Neurology 2003; 60: 1978 Walker MB. Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1934; 1: 1200 Sieb JP, Engel AG. Ephedrine: effects on neuromuscular transmission. Brain Res 1993; 623: 167171. Lundh H, Nilsson O, Rosen I. Improvement in neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis by 3, 4-diaminopyridine. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1985; 234: 374 Barrons RW. Drug-induced neuromuscular blockade and myasthenia gravis. Pharmacotherapy 1997; 17: 1220 Buckingham JM, Howard FM Jr, Bernatz PE, et al. The value of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: a computer-assisted matched study. Ann Surg 1976; 184: 453 Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ. Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis an evidence-based review ; : report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2000; 55: 715. Romi F, Gilhus NE, Varhaug JE, Myking A, Skeie GO, Aarli JA. Thymectomy and anti-muscle autoantibodies in late-onset myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 55 DeFilippi VJ, Richman DP, Ferguson MK. Transcervical thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57: 194 Case JP. Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs. J Ther 2001; 8: 123143. Barnes PJ. Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroids in allergic diseases. Allergy 2001; 56: 928 Seybold ME, Drachman DB. Gradually increasing doses of prednisone in myasthenia gravis. Reducing the hazards of treatment. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 81 Warmolts JR, Engel WK. Benefit from alternate-day prednisone in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 1720. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. GlucocorticoidInduced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 292299. Palace J, Newsom-Davis J, Lecky B. A randomized double-blind trial of prednisolone alone or with azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia Gravis Study Group. Neurology 1998; 50: 1778 Elion GB. Significance of azathioprine metabolites. Proc R Soc Med 1972; 65: 257260. Bromberg MB, Wald JJ, Forshew DA, Feldman EL, Albers JW. Randomized trial of azathioprine or prednisone for initial immunosuppressive treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 1997; 150: 59 Kuks JB, Djojoatmodjo S, Oosterhuis HJ. Azathioprine in myasthenia gravis: observations in 41 patients and a review of literature. Neuromuscul Disord 1991; 1: 423 Witte AS, Cornblath DR, Parry GJ, Lisak RP, Schatz NJ. Azathioprine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 1984; 15: 602 Kissel JT, Levy RJ, Mendell JR, Griggs RC. Azathioprine toxicity in neuromuscular disease. Neurology 1986; 36: 3539. Evans WE, Hon YY, Bomgaars L, et al. Preponderance of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency and heterozygosity among patients intolerant to mercaptopurine or azathioprine. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2293 McLeod HL, Siva C. The thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene locus-- implications for clinical pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 2002; 3: 89 Zhu LP, Cupps TR, Whalen G, Fauci AS. Selective effects of cyclophosphamide therapy on activation, proliferation, and differentiation of human B cells. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 10821090. Perez MC, Buot WL, Mercado-Danguilan C, Bagabaldo ZG, Renales LD. Stable remissions in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1981; 31: 3237. Niakan E, Harati Y, Rolak LA. Immunosuppressive drug therapy in myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 155156. Tindall RS, Phillips JT, Rollins JA, Wells L, Hall K. A clinical therapeutic trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 681: 539 Matsuda S, Koyasu S. Mechanisms of action of cyclosporine. Immunopharmacology 2000; 47: 119. Prednisolone kidsBjrn Thylefors, MD World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland H. Lawrence Clark The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation New York, New York Paula Luff Pfizer Inc New York, New York.
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